New research reveals that frequent relocations during formative years have a stronger impact on mental health than childhood poverty

A recent study published in JAMA Psychiatry highlights a troubling link between frequent moves during childhood and an increased risk of depression in adulthood. Conducted by researchers from Denmark, England, and the University of Plymouth, the study analyzed over a million records from Denmark, covering individuals born between 1982 and 2003.

The research found that about 2.3% of the studied population, or around 35,000 people, had been diagnosed with depression as adults. Notably, the study discovered that individuals who moved more than once between the ages of 10 and 15 were 61% more likely to develop depression compared to those who remained in the same place. This impact was found to be more significant than the effects of childhood poverty.

Lead author Clive Sabel, a geographer at the University of Plymouth, emphasized the findings in an interview with the New York Times. He explained that even in impoverished neighbourhoods, staying put was associated with better mental health outcomes. Conversely, frequent relocations, regardless of economic status, correlated with higher depression rates.

The study also examined the effects of moving between different socioeconomic areas. It found that children who moved from poorer to wealthier neighbourhoods had a 13% higher risk of developing depression. Those who moved from wealthier to poorer neighbourhoods faced an 18% increased risk.

Sabel suggested that the disruption caused by frequent moves during critical developmental periods might be a key factor in these outcomes. He speculated that the inability to establish stable social connections and environments during crucial stages of growth could contribute to long-term mental health issues. Sabel underscored the importance of stability during childhood, particularly in early years, as a protective factor for mental health.

Analysis:

Political: The implications of this study extend into political realms, particularly concerning housing policies and childhood welfare programs. Governments and policymakers may need to consider the impact of frequent relocations on mental health when designing social support systems. Addressing housing instability and ensuring more stable living conditions for children could become a priority in public health strategies and policy formulations.

Social: This research sheds light on the broader societal issue of childhood stability and its importance for mental well-being. The findings suggest that societal norms and practices that frequently necessitate moving—such as job relocations and housing instability—could have long-term mental health consequences. This prompts a reevaluation of social policies and practices that impact family and residential stability.

Racial: The study does not explicitly address racial disparities, but it underscores the need to explore how frequent moves might intersect with racial factors. Communities of colour often face higher rates of housing instability, which could exacerbate the mental health risks associated with moving. Future research could examine how race and socioeconomic factors combined with frequent relocations contribute to mental health outcomes.

Gender: While the study does not differentiate its findings by gender, it is essential to consider how frequent moves might affect boys and girls differently. Gender-specific impacts of childhood instability could be a valuable area for further research, as different experiences and societal expectations might influence mental health outcomes.

Economic: The study’s findings highlight the economic dimensions of childhood stability. Frequent moves, regardless of the economic status of neighbourhoods, are linked to worse mental health outcomes. This underscores the importance of stable housing as a critical component of economic stability and mental health. Economic policies that promote stability and reduce the need for frequent relocations could be beneficial for public health.