Gaza war reconstruction challenges: 46,000 lives lost and $40bn in costs for long-term recovery

Fifteen months of intense conflict between Israel and Hamas has left Gaza devastated, presenting immense Gaza war reconstruction challenges. The death toll has surpassed 46,000, with 59% of the victims being women, children, and the elderly, according to Gaza’s Hamas-run health ministry. Over 110,000 individuals have been injured, with a quarter of them suffering life-altering conditions.

In addition to the humanitarian crisis, infrastructure across the territory has been decimated. Satellite imagery estimates reveal nearly 60% of buildings in Gaza have been damaged or destroyed. Hospitals and schools, many converted into shelters, lie in ruins, further crippling essential services. The UN reports that 50% of hospitals are non-operational, with severe shortages of medical personnel and equipment. Gaza’s only psychiatric hospital and community mental health centres have ceased functioning.

The destruction extends to the road network, agricultural land, and water facilities. Approximately 68% of Gaza’s roads and 67.6% of cropland have been obliterated, leaving 91% of residents in acute food insecurity. Aid deliveries have dwindled, hindered by logistical challenges and security concerns.

Mass displacement has exacerbated the crisis, with 1.9 million Gazans—90% of the population—forced from their homes. Many seek refuge in temporary shelters within the “humanitarian zone,” which itself has been targeted in strikes. Makeshift tents now cover former agricultural areas, underscoring the scale of disruption.

Despite the ceasefire brokered by Qatar, rebuilding remains a monumental task. Experts estimate reconstruction will cost $40bn and could span more than a decade. Aid workers warn the first priority must be clearing 40 million tons of rubble to enable displaced Gazans to return. However, with infrastructure and law enforcement in disarray, rebuilding efforts face significant hurdles.

The ceasefire brings a glimmer of hope for relief and reconstruction. Yet, the scars of 15 months of war may define Gaza’s landscape and its people for generations.